Order of Nine Angles

Order of Nine Angles (O9A or ONA) is a British neo-Nazi occultist organization whose doctrine of transgressive initiation, decentralized cell structure, and explicit advocacy for criminal violence has made it one of the most structurally influential extremist ideologies of the contemporary era. Its documented membership in the early 2020s was estimated at roughly 2,000 adherents globally, yet O9A's influence on militant accelerationism in the United States and abroad far exceeds what those numbers suggest, driven principally by its American nexion Tempel ov Blood and that nexion's infiltration of Atomwaffen Division.¹ O9A's published texts, particularly the novel Iron Gates (2014), circulated through Terrorgram channels and directly shaped the radicalization ecosystem in which 764 and its predecessor CVLT operated.

Founding and Claimed History

O9A claims to have been established in the 1960s by a woman in the Welsh Marches of western England who presided over a secretive pre-Christian tradition. According to O9A's own account, a man known as Anton Long was initiated into this group in 1973 and subsequently became its grand master, merging O9A's predecessor elements (the Camlad tradition, the Noctulians, and Long's own Temple of the Sun) into the modern organization.²

Scholars who have examined the historical record are skeptical of this account. The first verifiable O9A publication is the manuscript Naos: A Guide to Becoming (1989, 127 pages), a guide to the septenary magical system and hermetic workings that constitutes the foundational O9A text. The organization rose to wider public attention in the early 1980s. The claimed 1960s origin appears to serve a rhetorical function, grounding the organization in an antique pre-Christian tradition rather than in its documentable origin in the British neo-Nazi milieu of the 1970s.²

David Myatt and the Anton Long Identity Question

The identity of "Anton Long" is the central contested question in O9A studies. Most researchers who have examined the evidence in depth attribute the Anton Long pseudonym to David Myatt, a British neo-Nazi activist with a documented decades-long career in violent far-right politics. O9A denies this, and Myatt has denied writing the O9A texts under the Anton Long name.

The case for the Myatt-Long attribution rests on: shared philosophical concepts (the "acausal" realm, the division of history into distinct aeons, support for space colonization, the "Star Game"); stylistic overlap between Myatt's neo-Nazi writings and O9A texts; historical proximity (Myatt was active in the same West Midlands neo-Nazi milieu in the 1970s where O9A emerged); and an identification published as early as 1998 in the anti-fascist magazine Searchlight Magazine. That 1998 identification predates any O9A interest in constructing a counter-narrative, giving it some evidentiary weight.³

Dissenting scholars, including Jeffrey Kaplan, have argued the attribution remains circumstantial and that Myatt and Long may be separate individuals. The full biographical entry for David Myatt documents his parallel career and provides additional context for the attribution debate.

Ideology: The Seven Fold Way

O9A's core initiatory framework is the Seven Fold Way (or Septenary System), a hierarchical progression of seven stages through which the individual is supposed to develop through increasingly transgressive experience. The stages, described in esoteric terminology, are Neophyte, Initiate, External Adept, Internal Adept, Master/Mistress, Grand Master/Grand Mistress, and Immortal. The full journey is supposed to span many years and require substantial personal transformation.⁴

The most operationally significant element of the Seven Fold Way for law enforcement purposes is the Insight Roles concept. O9A doctrine holds that initiates at certain stages must undertake "insight roles," periods typically lasting three to six months in which they adopt and fully live out a specified lifestyle or role that is alien to their normal existence and forces transgressive personal experience. O9A published "Insight Roles: A Guide" in 1989, subsequently collected in Hostia: Secret Teachings of the O.N.A. Volume I (1992), O9A's second major text.⁴

The roles enumerated in O9A texts are criminal in ordinary-language terms. Practitioners are encouraged to live as a street criminal, a drug dealer, a hired killer, a soldier or mercenary, a practitioner of Satanic rituals, or, in materials distributed through American affiliate Tempel ov Blood, to commit acts of violence against targeted victims described as "culling." O9A frames this not as crime but as a method of confronting personal limitation, developing genuine knowledge of the "sinister" aspects of existence, and accumulating "esoteric experience." The practical consequence is that O9A doctrine explicitly authorizes and encourages criminal violence as a spiritual practice, which distinguishes it structurally from other extremist ideologies that arrive at violence through political argument.¹

Acausality and the Sinister Dialectic

O9A's metaphysical framework rests on a distinction between the "causal" world (the ordinary, physical, time-bound realm) and the "acausal" realm (described as timeless, non-physical, and accessible through occult practice). The organization uses this distinction to situate its violence within a cosmic framework: acts of violence and transgression are positioned as perturbations of causal reality that release "acausal energy" and advance what O9A calls the "sinister dialectic," a long-term project of destabilizing existing civilization to create conditions for the emergence of a post-human, O9A-aligned order.²

The eschatological figure at the center of this project is Vindex, described in O9A texts as a future warrior-leader who will overthrow existing institutions and establish a new civilization based on O9A's Aryanist, Social Darwinist principles. Vindex is not a specific named individual but a role O9A adherents are encouraged to aspire toward or to help bring into being through accelerationist violence.²

Structure: Nexions

O9A deliberately avoids centralized organizational structure. The basic unit is the nexion (O9A's term for a local cell or working group), intended to be autonomous and self-directing. Nexions are connected by shared texts, aesthetics, and doctrine rather than by formal hierarchical command. This decentralization makes O9A resistant to decapitation by law enforcement and allows it to absorb and influence other organizations without formal merger, as it did with Atomwaffen Division through the Tempel ov Blood nexion beginning in 2017.¹

O9A's American publishing arm, Martinet Press, operated under the direction of Joshua Caleb Sutter and his wife Jillian Hoy and distributed O9A texts internationally. The most significant Martinet Press publication in terms of documented radicalization impact is Iron Gates (2014), a 312-page novel set in a post-nuclear-war America centered on a gang of Satanists committing acts of extreme violence including infanticide, cannibalism, rape, and torture. The book was written as "spiritual instruction" for O9A adherents and became required reading for Atomwaffen Division new members under John Cameron Denton.⁵ Sutter, the publisher, was simultaneously a paid FBI informant who received $78,133.20 from the FBI specifically in connection with his Atomwaffen Division work, in addition to prior payments totaling more than $140,000 since 2003.⁶

Primary Texts

O9A has produced an extensive body of written material, hosted on o9a.org and distributed through various channels. Key texts include:

Naos: A Guide to Becoming (1989, 127 pp.): The founding manuscript, described by O9A as "a guide to hermetic workings, basic septenary system and the Star Game," establishing O9A's core magical framework.

Hostia: Secret Teachings of the O.N.A. (Vol. I, 1992): Contains the 1989 text "Insight Roles: A Guide," O9A's first formal articulation of the insight roles concept.

The Deofel Quintet (novels, 1976-1992): Five O9A novels functioning as esoteric instruction through fiction, including Falcifer (103 pp.) and Temple of Satan (109 pp.).

The Requisite ONA (981 pp.): A comprehensive practical guide to the Seven Fold Way through the Internal Adept stage, containing facsimile versions of Naos, The Black Book of Satan, and The Grimoire of Baphomet, plus the complete Deofel Quintet.

Iron Gates (Tempel ov Blood / Martinet Press, 2014, 312 pp.): Violent post-apocalyptic fiction written as spiritual instruction for American adherents; required reading for Atomwaffen Division members under Denton. Available at the Internet Archive.⁷

Atomwaffen Division and O9A Integration

The most consequential real-world application of O9A doctrine in the United States came through Tempel ov Blood's infiltration of Atomwaffen Division beginning in 2017. Sutter joined AWD in the spring of 2017 under the alias "swissdiscipline," after AWD leader John Cameron Denton invited ToB members into the group. Sutter attended AWD "Hate Camp" paramilitary trainings in 2017 and 2018 and the 2019 AWD Nuclear Congress, which also drew James Mason, the author of Siege. At least nine O9A/ToB members held key leadership positions in Atomwaffen Division at the peak of this relationship.⁵

Denton made Sutter's books (Iron Gates, Liber 333, and Bluebird) required or approved reading for AWD members. This ideological shift provoked internal controversy and drove out members who rejected Satanism as a contamination of their National Socialist politics, but it also deepened AWD's capacity for violence by giving members a framework in which murder was construed as spiritual service.¹

UK Terrorism Convictions: Documented Cases

Between April 2019 and April 2021, HOPE not hate documented eight individuals linked to O9A who were convicted of terrorism offences in the United Kingdom. The majority were teenagers. The full named record from 2019 to early 2025 is as follows, incorporating those eight plus subsequent cases.⁸

Michael Szewczuk, 19, of Leeds (Sonnenkrieg Division co-founder), and Oskar Dunn-Koczorowski, 18, of West London (Sonnenkrieg Division member), were sentenced at the Old Bailey on 18 June 2019 by Judge Rebecca Poulet QC. Szewczuk pleaded guilty to two counts of encouraging terrorism under section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2006 and five counts of possessing documents useful to a terrorist under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000, including the White Resistance Manual and the Al Qaeda Manual. He was sentenced to four years and three months in a Young Offenders' Institute. Dunn-Koczorowski pleaded guilty to two counts of encouraging terrorism and received an 18-month Detention and Training Order. Both operated personal accounts on the Gab social media platform under pseudonyms and shared control of the Sonnenkrieg Division's Gab page, posting propaganda encouraging lone-actor terrorism including imagery targeting Prince Harry as a "race traitor." The sentencing remarks were delivered by Judge Poulet QC.²³

Jacek Tchorzewski, 18, a Polish national residing in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, was stopped at Luton Airport on 20 February 2019 under Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000 by officers from the Eastern Region Specialist Operation Unit Counter Terrorism Policing (ERSOU CTP) before he could board a flight to Poland. Phone analysis uncovered a cache of terrorist manuals and bomb-making guides. He pleaded guilty at the Old Bailey on 21 June 2019 to 10 counts of possession of information likely useful to a person preparing an act of terrorism under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000, and was sentenced on 20 September 2019 to four years' imprisonment. A subsequent prosecution at Harrow Crown Court on 23 July 2020 for indecent images offences resulted in a concurrent 8-month sentence. Tchorzewski was described as holding deep neo-Nazi and Satanist beliefs; he was linked to Sonnenkrieg Division and had expressed a "dream" of carrying out a mass-casualty attack. He was also subject to a deportation order.²⁴

Jack Reed, 16, of New Brancepeth, County Durham, was convicted at Manchester Crown Court in November 2019 of six terrorism offences: preparation of terrorist acts under section 5 of the Terrorism Act 2006, disseminating a terrorist publication, possessing an article for a terrorist purpose, and three counts of possessing a document useful to a terrorist under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000. An O9A symbol was hand-drawn on his handwritten manifesto, which he titled "Storm 88 - A Manual For Practical And Sensible Guerrilla Warfare Against The Kike System In The Durham City Area, Sieg Heil" and which listed schools, pubs, council buildings, and post offices as targets, alongside planned arson attacks on local synagogues. The prosecution described his ideology as "occult neo-Nazism." Judge David Stockdale QC sentenced Reed in January 2020 to six years and eight months' detention in a Young Offenders' Institute with a five-year extended licence, ordering that he serve two-thirds before Parole Board consideration. A separate concurrent sentence of 18 months' Detention Training Order was imposed on 23 December 2020 for five sexual assaults against a schoolgirl. Reed's anonymity order was later lifted following a successful application by journalists, and he was publicly named in January 2021.²⁵

Harry Vaughan, 18, of Kingston-upon-Thames, a grammar school student at Tiffin School who had achieved A-grade A-levels in maths, further maths, physics, and history, was arrested on 19 June 2019 in a Counter Terrorism Policing investigation into Fascist Forge, an online extremist forum. He was charged with one count of encouraging terrorism (section 1, Terrorism Act 2006), one count of disseminating a terrorist publication (section 2, Terrorism Act 2006), 12 counts of possessing documents useful to a terrorist (section 58, Terrorism Act 2000), and two counts of possessing indecent images. He pleaded guilty on all counts. The documents on his devices included Sonnenkrieg Division propaganda of his own creation, bomb-making manuals, and a guide to killing people. Sentenced at the Old Bailey in November 2020 by Mr Justice Sweeney, who described him as "a dangerous offender," he received a two-year detention sentence suspended for two years, a result that drew criticism from counter-extremism researchers.²⁶

The cases of the unnamed Cornish teenager (Feuerkrieg Division UK leader, sentenced February 2021) and Benjamin Hannam (Metropolitan Police constable, sentenced May 2021) are documented in the existing page and in the National Action vault entry respectively. The unnamed Cornish defendant received a 24-month youth rehabilitation order; the Crown Prosecution Service press release confirmed that a copy of Iron Gates, the O9A-affiliated novel published by Martinet Press, was found during the 2019 police search of his home.²⁷

Danyal Hussein, an 18-year-old Iraqi Kurd from Wembley, was convicted on 6 July 2021 at the Old Bailey of the murders of sisters Bibaa Henry (46) and Nicole Smallman (27) in Fryent Country Park, London, on 6 June 2020. Hussein had signed a handwritten contract in his own blood addressed to the demon Lucifuge Rofocale, pledging to kill six women every six months in exchange for lottery winnings. He was sentenced to life with a minimum term of 35 years. Investigators found that he had been in contact with an individual closely associated with the Order of Nine Angles. The case was cited by Stephanie Peacock MP in October 2021 in renewed calls for O9A's proscription.¹¹

Ben John, 21, of Lincoln, a criminology student at De Montfort University Leicester, was convicted at Leicester Crown Court on 12 August 2021 of one count of possessing a document useful to a terrorist under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000. Officers from Counter Terrorism Policing's East Midlands unit found a hard drive containing the Anarchy Cookbook, alongside white supremacist and antisemitic literature and material relating to O9A. Judge Timothy Spencer QC sentenced John on 31 August 2021 to two years' imprisonment suspended for two years, ordering him to read works of classic literature including Dickens and Austen, a direction that attracted widespread press criticism. Solicitor General Alex Chalk QC MP referred the sentence to the Court of Appeal under section 36 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 as unduly lenient. On 19 January 2022, the Court of Appeal increased the sentence to two years' immediate custody plus one year on licence.²⁸

Luca Benincasa, 20, of Cardiff, was sentenced at Winchester Crown Court on 26 January 2023 by Judge Jane Miller KC to five years and seven months for terrorism charges and an additional consecutive eight months for child images offences, with a three-year extended licence on the terrorism counts, for a total custodial term of approximately nine years and three months. He had pleaded guilty at Winchester Crown Court on 15 July 2022 to one count of membership of the proscribed organisation Feuerkrieg Division under section 11 of the Terrorism Act 2000 and four counts of possessing documents useful to a terrorist under section 58, including improvised explosive device and pipe-bomb manuals. Benincasa was the first person convicted of FKD membership since that group's proscription in July 2020. He had described himself as the "UK cell leader" of FKD and one of its key recruiters; Judge Miller KC found him to be "a prominent member." Press coverage described him as a "prominent ONA member," though the published sentencing remarks' specific language on O9A has not been independently verified and constitutes an open thread.²⁹

Ashley Podsiad-Sharp, 42, a prison officer at HMP Armley in Leeds, was convicted at Sheffield Crown Court of one count of possessing terrorist material under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (acquitted of a second count of dissemination). He was sentenced on 31 August 2023 by Judge Jeremy Richardson KC to eight years' imprisonment plus five years' extended licence. His devices contained the White Resistance Manual, a 200-page publication containing sections on arson, poisoning, infrastructure sabotage, bomb-making, and evading police capture. He had been a former member of National Action before its proscription and had subsequently founded the White Stag Athletics Club, which required members to hold white-supremacist and antisemitic views. Podsiad-Sharp showed, in the judge's assessment, "not one iota of remorse." The sentencing remarks are published on the Courts and Tribunals Judiciary website.³⁰

Declan George-Candiani, 26, of Streatham, was stopped at Stansted Airport on 13 August 2024 by Counter Terrorism Command officers using Schedule 7 powers. His phone was analysed and he was arrested; an iPad was also seized from his home. He was convicted at the Old Bailey on 3 October 2024 of two counts of collecting material likely useful to a terrorist under section 58(1) of the Terrorism Act 2000 (acquitted of two further counts), and sentenced on 28 November 2024 to 23 months' imprisonment plus one year on licence, plus a 10-year terrorism notification requirement. Devices contained extreme right-wing manifestos, mass killer writings, and lone-wolf attack guides. In police interview, George-Candiani told officers he had developed an interest in O9A's "traditional Satanism," attributing his downloading of the material to that interest.³¹

Cameron Finnigan, 19, of Horsham, West Sussex, joined the 764 online extremist group in late 2023. Counter Terrorism Policing became aware of him in March 2024. He pleaded guilty on 4 October 2024 to five counts: one count of possessing a document for terrorist purposes under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (an 11-page PDF outlining truck, knife, and firearm mass-casualty attack planning), one count of doing an act capable of encouraging or assisting suicide under section 2 of the Suicide Act 1961 as amended (encouraging a young woman to livestream her suicide to his Telegram group), two counts of criminal damage, and one count of possessing indecent images. He was sentenced at the Central Criminal Court on 16 January 2025 by Mr Justice Jay to six years' imprisonment plus three years' extended licence. The judge assessed him as posing a high risk of serious harm to the public, including children, and applied a 25% reduction for youth and mental health. The sentencing remarks are published on the judiciary.uk website.³²

Criminal Cases Linked to O9A: International

Documented individuals who committed or planned violence while affiliated with or influenced by O9A include:

Ethan Phelan Melzer, a U.S. Army Private in the 173rd Airborne Brigade who, under the alias "Etil Reggad," transmitted classified information about his unit's planned deployment to Turkey to O9A members on Telegram, conspiring to facilitate a mass-casualty attack on his own soldiers. Arrested May 2020 in Vicenza, Italy; convicted in the Southern District of New York; sentenced March 2023 to 45 years in prison.¹²

Guilherme Von Neutegem, a Canadian O9A adherent charged with murder for killing a victim outside a mosque in Toronto in 2020.

Jarrett William Smith, a U.S. Army specialist at Fort Riley, Kansas, arrested in 2019 for distributing explosives manuals online and discussing plans to attack anti-fascist groups and a media outlet. Pleaded guilty; sentenced to 30 months.⁵

Andrew Dymock, a British neo-Nazi charged with 15 terrorism and hate-related counts in the United Kingdom, with documented O9A affiliation.

David Copeland, who detonated three nail bombs targeting London's Black, Asian, and LGBTQ communities in 1999, killing three and injuring 139, was found in possession of writings by David Myatt.³

The Proscription Non-Decision

O9A has not been proscribed in the United Kingdom as of mid-2026. The Home Office proscription criteria under Section 3 of the Terrorism Act 2000 require the Home Secretary to believe that an organisation is "concerned in terrorism," meaning it: (a) commits or participates in acts of terrorism; (b) prepares for terrorism; (c) promotes or encourages terrorism; or (d) is otherwise concerned in terrorism. If the statutory test is met, the Home Secretary then applies discretionary factors including the nature and scale of the organisation's activities and the need to support the international counter-terrorism community.¹³

The legal and structural problem O9A presents for proscription is its deliberate decentralisation. O9A has no formal membership rolls, no governing body, no public leadership structure, and no legal entity. Its basic unit is the autonomous nexion, connected by shared texts rather than hierarchy. Proscription under the Terrorism Act 2000 operates on the premise that there is an "organisation" whose members can then be charged with membership offences under Section 11. If the Home Office concludes that O9A's structure is too diffuse to constitute an "organisation" in the statutory sense, the proscription mechanism becomes legally uncertain even if the substantive test of concern in terrorism is met. This structural problem does not appear to have been definitively addressed in any published government document, but it is widely cited by counter-extremism researchers as the most likely non-political reason for the non-decision.¹⁴

Parliamentary Campaign for Proscription: Timeline

March 2020: HOPE not hate formally called for O9A proscription in its State of Hate 2020 report, characterising O9A as "an incubator of terrorism."¹⁵

March 2020: Yvette Cooper, chair of the Home Affairs Select Committee, called on the Home Secretary to "immediately" refer O9A to the proscription review group, following the New Statesman investigation that documented O9A materials being held under restricted access at the British Library.¹⁶

19 April 2021: HOPE not hate published "Government misses opportunity to proscribe Order of Nine Angles" on the same day the Home Office announced the proscription of Atomwaffen Division and The Base under the Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 2021. Hope not Hate CEO Nick Lowles stated: "The government's counter-terrorism strategy against the far-right threat remains deeply troubling." The statement argued that O9A had been recommended for proscription over a year earlier and that its influence on proscribed groups including Atomwaffen Division made the omission incoherent.¹⁷

13 July 2021: Parliamentary debate, "Prevention and Suppression of Terrorism" (HC Deb), featuring extended discussion of O9A. Stephanie Peacock (Labour, Barnsley East) and Stephen Doughty (Labour, Cardiff South and Penarth) both called on the Home Secretary to proscribe O9A. The minister's response was the standard formula: the government "will not provide any commentary on which groups are or are not being considered for proscription by the review group" and that "the proscription review process is robust and working as it should."¹⁸

October 2021: Peacock renewed her call for proscription in response to the Danyal Hussein conviction, citing his contact with an O9A-associated individual as evidence that O9A's influence was translating into direct harm on British streets.¹¹

18 July 2023: CONTEST 2023, the fourth iteration of the UK counter-terrorism strategy, identified extreme right-wing terrorism as accounting for approximately 22 per cent of UK attacks since 2018 and approximately 25 per cent of MI5's caseload. It listed proscribed far-right organisations including Feuerkrieg Division, Atomwaffen Division, Sonnenkrieg Division, and The Base, but did not name O9A in accessible sections as either proscribed or under active review.³³

15 September 2023: The Home Office Proscription Factsheet described the proscription review process and criteria in general terms but made no reference to O9A.³⁴

2 July 2025: The House of Commons debated the draft Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Order 2025, which proscribed three new organisations: Maniac Murder Cult (a US-based accelerationist group with documented O9A and 764 connections), Palestine Action, and the Russian Imperial Movement. The Order was approved by 385 votes to 26 after a division. O9A was not included. During the debate, the parliamentary chair of HOPE not hate again urged the government to consider O9A proscription; the minister's response was the standard formula that the government does not comment on groups under or not under consideration. The Order bears SI number 9780348273373.³⁵

No proscription of O9A has been announced as of mid-2026. The government's consistent refusal to explain the non-decision stands in contrast to the public reasoning given for other proscriptions. When National Action was proscribed in December 2016, Amber Rudd made a public statement characterising it as "a racist, antisemitic and homophobic organisation which stirs up hatred, glorifies violence and promotes a vile ideology." No equivalent statement characterising O9A as below the threshold, or as failing the statutory test on structural grounds, has been published.

Proscription Comparisons

The gap between O9A's legal status and that of its downstream networks is substantial. The following proscribed organisations have documented O9A connections:

Sonnenkrieg Division (proscribed 2019): explicitly modelled on O9A philosophy and Atomwaffen Division; five members convicted of terrorism charges in the UK.¹⁹

Atomwaffen Division (proscribed April 2021): ideologically shaped by O9A through Tempel ov Blood and Joshua Caleb Sutter; considered O9A texts required reading.¹⁷

The Base (proscribed April 2021): structurally influenced by O9A's nexion model; Rinaldo Nazzaro incorporated O9A aesthetics and doctrine.¹⁷

Combat 18 (proscribed February 2020, S.I. 2020/200): the organisation in which David Myatt, O9A's attributed founder, served as "ideological heavyweight." Proscribed while O9A itself is not.²⁰

New Zealand Designation

New Zealand designated O9A as a terrorist organisation in 2025, making it one of the few countries to have taken formal legal action against the organisation itself rather than merely prosecuting individual adherents. The OpenSanctions database records the NZ listing; the specific New Zealand Gazette reference and enabling legislation have not been retrieved in this research run and constitute an open thread.²¹

O9A Texts and the British Library

A specific detail from the March 2020 New Statesman investigation: O9A materials were being held in a secure, supervised section of the British Library, accessible only under controlled conditions. This is a standard British Library procedure for materials assessed as potentially harmful rather than a formal legal restriction, but it was cited in the Yvette Cooper proscription call as evidence of the state's implicit recognition of O9A's dangerous character while formal proscription remained absent.¹⁶

O9A and the 764 Ecosystem

O9A's influence on 764 is documented but operates at one remove. 764 is not an O9A nexion and its members do not generally identify as O9A adherents. The connection works through three channels: first, aesthetic adoption, as 764 groups took on O9A visual symbolism and nomenclature; second, structural parallel, as the insight roles doctrine of committing crimes as spiritual progression mirrors 764's content economy in which criminal acts are required for advancement; third, distribution pipeline, as Iron Gates and other O9A texts circulated through Terrorgram channels that overlapped with the 764 radicalization environment. The ISD characterized O9A materials as having "directly influenced the operational practices of 764."²²