#LSD
18 entries tagged LSD.
People (10)
- Albert Hofmann Swiss chemist at Sandoz Laboratories who first synthesized LSD in 1938 and experienced its effects on April 19, 1943, triggering decades of CIA interest in the drug as a behavioral control agent.
- George Hunter White George Hunter White was a Federal Bureau of Narcotics agent who operated the CIA's Operation Midnight Climax safe houses in San Francisco and New York City from 1955 to 1963, administering LSD to unwitting civilian subjects for Project MKULTRA while working under CIA contract.
- Harold Abramson Columbia University allergist and CIA contractor who ran three MKULTRA LSD subprojects totaling $85,000, coordinated the academic LSD research network through Macy Foundation conferences, and was chosen by Gottlieb to manage Frank Olson's deteriorating mental state after the 1953 Deep Creek Lodge dosing.
- Harris Isbell Director of the Addiction Research Center in Lexington, Kentucky, who conducted CIA-funded drug experiments on captive inmate subjects including keeping seven men on LSD for 77 consecutive days.
- John Lilly NIH brain researcher who pioneered sensory deprivation tank experiments and electrode-based brain mapping, whose work attracted CIA interest before he declined to classify his research and left government-funded science.
- Louis Jolyon West UCLA psychiatrist and confirmed CIA contractor who killed an elephant with a massive LSD overdose in 1962, examined Jack Ruby, and proposed a government-funded Center for the Study of Violence to recondition criminals using experimental mind control techniques.
- Paul Hoch New York State Commissioner of Mental Hygiene who directed experimental research at the New York State Psychiatric Institute under Army Chemical Corps contract, administered mescaline and LSD to psychiatric patients through intraspinal injection, and bore direct responsibility for the death of Harold Blauer in January 1953.
- Robert Hyde Vermont-born psychiatrist who became the first American to take LSD experimentally, ran CIA-funded LSD research at Boston Psychopathic Hospital, and provided TSS with a medically supervised setting for drug testing.
- Ronald Hadley Stark Mysterious American who supplied the Brotherhood of Eternal Love with approximately 20 kilograms of LSD, was arrested in Bologna in 1975, and secured his release by claiming US government connections. Multiple researchers have identified Stark as a CIA-linked operative whose massive LSD distribution network served intelligence purposes.
- Timothy Leary Timothy Leary was the Harvard psychologist turned psychedelic evangelist who ran the Harvard Psilocybin Project, coined 'turn on, tune in, drop out,' operated under documented CIA surveillance while drawing on research networks whose funding traced to MKULTRA, and in his final decades became a champion of personal computers, space migration, and life extension.
Organizations (4)
- Boston Psychopathic Hospital Pioneering mental health institution affiliated with Harvard Medical School in Boston where Robert Hyde conducted the first American LSD research under CIA funding beginning in 1951.
- Brotherhood of Eternal Love A spiritual commune and LSD manufacturing organization based in Laguna Beach, California, that produced and distributed the Orange Sunshine brand of LSD through manufacturer Ronald Hadley Stark, who had documented CIA and international intelligence connections.
- Eli Lilly Indianapolis pharmaceutical company that in 1954 became the first to synthesize LSD from commercially available chemicals, ending Sandoz's monopoly and making the drug theoretically available in tonnage quantities for CIA use.
- Sandoz Swiss pharmaceutical company headquartered in Basel where Albert Hofmann first synthesized LSD in 1938 and discovered psilocybin in 1958, and which was the sole world supplier of LSD until Eli Lilly synthesized it commercially in 1954.
Programs (4)
- Operation DERBY HAT Joint CIA-Army operation in which LSD was administered to unwitting subjects during overseas interrogations in the early 1960s, disclosed by Sidney Gottlieb in his October 1975 Church Committee testimony.
- Operation Midnight Climax Operation Midnight Climax was the CIA's MKULTRA subprogram (1955-1963) in which Federal Bureau of Narcotics agent George Hunter White operated safe houses in San Francisco and New York City where unwitting men were dosed with LSD by CIA-recruited prostitutes while CIA observers watched through one-way mirrors.
- Operation THIRD CHANCE Joint CIA-Army operation in which LSD was administered to unwitting subjects during interrogations in Europe in 1961, including a Black Army soldier, James Thornwell, who was falsely accused of theft and subjected to prolonged drug-induced psychological terror.
- Project MKUltra Project MKUltra was the CIA's classified behavioral modification program (1953-1973) directed by Sidney Gottlieb, which administered LSD and other methods to unconsenting subjects across approximately 150 subprojects before its records were destroyed in January 1973 and partially reconstructed from misfiled documents in 1977.