Harold Blauer

Harold Blauer was a professional tennis player who died on January 8, 1953, after receiving a massive intravenous injection of EA-1298, a mescaline derivative (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, or MDA) designated by the Army Chemical Corps as a candidate chemical warfare agent. Blauer had checked into the New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI) in late 1952 seeking treatment for depression following a divorce. He was enrolled as a test subject in classified chemical warfare experiments conducted under an Army Chemical Corps contract with NYSPI, without his knowledge or consent. Paul Hoch, director of experimental research at NYSPI, was the medical official in charge of administering the compound. The dose administered was approximately 450 milligrams, a massive quantity for a substance still in early development. Blauer died within two hours of the injection.¹²

The Cover-Up

Within 48 hours of Blauer's death, Army Chemical Corps contract officer Amedeo Marrazzi directed efforts to conceal the Army's involvement. At a July 1954 meeting attended by federal counsel, Hoch, and Marrazzi, those present expressed concern about anticipated malpractice claims. The death certificate listed the cause as "coronary arteriosclerosis; sudden death after intravenous injection of a mescaline derivative," omitting any reference to the Army Chemical Corps contract or the compound's experimental status.¹

The full circumstances of Blauer's death remained hidden for 22 years. The Army, NYSPI, and the CIA all participated in concealing the cause of death from Blauer's family. An initial settlement of $18,000 was paid to the family in 1955, with the U.S. government covertly paying half. In August 1975, the Army first disclosed the true circumstances to Blauer's daughter Elizabeth Barrett, who filed a lawsuit. In 1987 a federal judge awarded over $700,000 to Blauer's estate.²³

The Second Circuit Court of Appeals found in Barrett v. United States (798 F.2d 565, 1986) that Hoch "was well aware that the mescaline derivative was a new compound not being administered for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes but as an experiment to study its effect for chemical warfare purposes." James Cattell, who administered the injection, told Army investigators: "We didn't know whether it was dog piss or what it was we were giving him."¹