#P2
17 entries tagged P2.
People (8)
- Giorgio Ambrosoli Giorgio Ambrosoli was the Italian lawyer appointed as official liquidator for Michele Sindona's bankrupt Italian banking empire whose methodical documentation of Sindona's fraud was completed just weeks before he was shot dead outside his Milan apartment on July 11, 1979, on the orders of Sindona.
- Giulio Andreotti Giulio Andreotti was Italy's seven-time Prime Minister and dominant Democrazia Cristiana figure who refused to negotiate for Aldo Moro's release in 1978, disclosed the existence of Operation Gladio to parliament in October 1990, and was acquitted of Mafia association charges after an eight-year trial.
- Giuseppe Santovito Giuseppe Santovito was the Director of SISMI from 1978 to 1981 who was simultaneously a member of the P2 Masonic lodge, one of three heads of the Italian intelligence and security apparatus whose membership in P2 was exposed by the March 1981 list discovery.
- Licio Gelli Licio Gelli was the Venerable Master of the clandestine Italian Masonic lodge Propaganda Due (P2) from 1967 whose membership list of 962 senior Italian officials, politicians, and financiers was discovered in March 1981, and who was convicted of political conspiracy and fraud related to the Banco Ambrosiano collapse before dying in Arezzo in January 2015.
- Michele Sindona Michele Sindona was a Sicilian financier, P2 member, and Vatican Bank associate known as 'the Pope's Banker' whose acquisition of Franklin National Bank produced its 1974 collapse - then the largest U.S. bank failure - and who was murdered in Voghera prison by cyanide poisoning in March 1986 while serving sentences for fraud and for ordering the assassination of Italian liquidator Giorgio Ambrosoli.
- Paul Marcinkus Archbishop Paul Marcinkus was the American-born president of the Vatican Bank (IOR) from 1971 to 1989 who authorized the bank's participation in Roberto Calvi's Banco Ambrosiano offshore shell company network and the Michele Sindona transactions, avoided Italian prosecution for nine years by remaining within Vatican sovereign territory, and returned to the United States in 1991 never having faced trial.
- Roberto Calvi Roberto Calvi was the chairman of Banco Ambrosiano, Italy's largest private bank, and a member of Propaganda Due whose bank collapsed in June 1982 with a $1.3 billion deficit after his offshore shell company network - backed by guarantees from the Vatican Bank - was exposed; he was found hanging from scaffolding under London's Blackfriars Bridge on June 18, 1982, eight days after fleeing Italy on a forged passport.
- Silvio Berlusconi Silvio Berlusconi was an Italian media magnate and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy three times (1994-1995, 2001-2006, 2008-2011); he appears in this vault primarily as a member of the P2 masonic lodge exposed by Italian authorities in 1981, through which he was connected to the Gladio network and the strategy of tension, and as a figure whose political rise intersected with the Italian intelligence and organized crime dimensions of the broader vault topics.
Organizations (6)
- Banco Ambrosiano Banco Ambrosiano was Italy's largest private bank, founded in Milan in 1896, whose chairman Roberto Calvi used a network of Vatican Bank-guaranteed offshore shell companies to export $1.3 billion from the bank before its June 1982 collapse - the largest bank failure in Italian history - which coincided with Calvi's death under London's Blackfriars Bridge.
- Democrazia Cristiana Democrazia Cristiana (DC) was Italy's dominant postwar political party, governing continuously from 1945 to 1994 with CIA support during the Cold War, whose leading figures included Alcide De Gasperi, Aldo Moro, and Giulio Andreotti, and which dissolved in 1994 under the weight of the Tangentopoli corruption investigations.
- Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari The Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari (NAR) was the Italian neofascist terrorist group whose members Massimo Fioravanti and Francesca Mambro were convicted of the 1980 Bologna railway station bombing, the deadliest postwar Italian terrorist attack, with P2 and SISMI personnel convicted separately for the subsequent cover-up.
- Propaganda Due Propaganda Due (P2) was a clandestine Italian Masonic lodge headed by Licio Gelli from 1967 whose 962-member list discovered in March 1981 included the heads of all three Italian intelligence services, senior military officers, magistrates, politicians, and financiers including Roberto Calvi and Silvio Berlusconi, and which Italian parliamentary investigators linked to Operation Gladio and the strategy of tension terrorist bombings.
- SISMI SISMI (and its predecessor SID) was Italy's military intelligence service whose personnel were documented participants in the strategy of tension, the cover-up of the Piazza Fontana and Bologna bombings, and the Gladio stay-behind network.
- Vatican Bank The Vatican Bank (Instituto per le Opere di Religione, IOR) is the Holy See's financial institution, whose sovereign immunity from Italian banking regulation made it a vehicle for the P2-connected financial operations of Michele Sindona and Roberto Calvi, resulting in the Banco Ambrosiano collapse and a $244 million settlement with international creditors in 1984.
Events (1)
- Bologna railway station bombing The Bologna railway station bombing of August 2, 1980, which killed 85 people and wounded more than 200 in Italy's deadliest postwar terrorist attack, was carried out by the neofascist Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari with the knowledge of elements of P2 and Italian military intelligence, with Licio Gelli later convicted of obstruction of justice for his role in concealing responsibility.
Places (2)
- Italy Italy appears throughout this vault as the location of CIA-backed Stay-Behind network Gladio, the center of the P2 Masonic lodge scandal connecting intelligence services to organized crime and far-right terrorism, and a hub for Vatican Bank (IOR) financial flows connected to the BCCI network and money laundering.
- Rome Rome is the capital of Italy and home to the Vatican; it appears in this vault as the location of P2 Masonic lodge operations, the Vatican Bank (IOR) financial flows connected to BCCI and CIA-backed anti-communist programs, and the base of Italian intelligence services whose Cold War activities intersected with Gladio and the strategy of tension.