---
alias:
- BDM Corporation
- The BDM Corporation
- BDM
- BDM International
- BDM International, Inc.
- BDM Federal
- Braddock, Dunn and McDonald
- Braddock, Dunn & McDonald, Incorporated
category: Organizations
created: 2026-10-02
location: McLean, Virginia
relations:
- fn: 1
  reverse: true
  role: co-founder with Bernard J. Dunn and Daniel F. McDonald
  start: 1959
  type: founded
  with: '[[Joseph Braddock]]'
- end: 1990-10
  fn: 1
  reverse: true
  role: acquired all outstanding stock of the predecessor company
  start: 1988
  type: owned
  with: '[[Ford Aerospace]]'
- end: 1997-12-24
  fn: 7
  reverse: true
  role: investor group led by Carlyle bought the predecessor's business and assets
    for about $126.5 million; Carlyle held 62.8 percent before the 1995 offering and
    25.8 percent in November 1997
  start: 1990-10-23
  type: owned
  with: '[[Carlyle Group]]'
- fn: 7
  reverse: true
  role: $13 million in subordinated notes due October 23, 1997
  start: 1990-10-23
  type: funded
  with: '[[Loral Aerospace Corporation]]'
- fn: 29
  reverse: true
  role: tender offer at $29.50 per share completed December 24, 1997, merger December
    29, 1997
  start: 1997-12-24
  type: owned
  with: '[[TRW]]'
- fn: 10
  role: acquired the stock for about $29.6 million
  start: 1992-03-13
  type: owned
  with: '[[Vinnell Corporation]]'
- fn: 7
  reverse: true
  role: chairman of the board; chairman of the compensation committee by 1997
  start: 1990-10
  type: director_of
  with: '[[Frank Carlucci]]'
- fn: 24
  reverse: true
  role: executive after leaving the Army; employed by BDM in the Washington area as
    of December 10, 1985
  start: 1984
  type: employed_by
  with: '[[Albert Stubblebine]]'
- end: 1980
  fn: 5
  role: topical and final reports under contracts DNA 001-76-C-0238, 001-78-C-0077,
    001-78-C-0323, 001-79-C-0040 and 001-79-C-0098
  start: 1976
  type: contractor_to
  with: '[[Defense Nuclear Agency]]'
- end: 1993
  fn: 21
  role: one of three super SETA contractors, about $112.2 million in costs to March
    31, 1993
  start: 1988
  type: contractor_to
  with: '[[Ballistic Missile Defense Organization]]'
- fn: 19
  role: five BDM employees at the office's founding, 35 by June 1985
  start: 1983
  type: contractor_to
  with: '[[Office of Foreign Missions]]'
summary: McLean, Virginia defense and intelligence contractor founded in 1959 as Braddock,
  Dunn and McDonald, owned by Ford Aerospace from 1988 and by a Carlyle-led group
  from 1990, and sold to TRW in 1997.
tags:
- Organization
- DefenseContractor
- Intelligence
- Carlyle
- Vinnell
- UFO
- McLeanVirginia
updated: 2026-10-03
---

The BDM Corporation, called BDM International, Inc. after 1990, was a systems-analysis and information-technology contractor headquartered at 7915 Jones Branch Drive and later at 1501 BDM Way, McLean, Virginia. Its 1995 prospectus states that the company "was formed in 1959 by Drs. Joseph V. Braddock, Bernard J. Dunn and Daniel F. McDonald as 'Braddock, Dunn & McDonald, Incorporated.'"[^1] Its 1996 revenue was about one billion dollars,[^2] and on March 1, 1997 it had about 8,700 employees, with joint ventures employing about 3,000 more.[^2]

### Founding and Early Contracts

The founders were physicists. Braddock took his bachelor's degree at St. Peter's College in 1951 and his master's and doctorate in physics at Fordham University in 1952 and 1958, according to the 2001 Navigator Award biography published by the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, which says he retired from BDM in 1993. The same citation describes BDM as "a principal nuclear weapons 'failure testing' company in the [United States](/places/united-states/)," says Braddock's "technical mastery" was key to the [NATO](/organizations/nato/) strategy known as Follow-On Forces Attack, and dates the Carlyle acquisition to 1991, a year later than the company's own filings.[^3] Through 1974 the firm filed its reports as "Braddock, Dunn and McDonald, Inc." from 5301 Central Avenue NE, Albuquerque, [New Mexico](/places/new-mexico/), and the work then in the Defense Technical Information Center collection concerns weapons effects: a 1963 "Nanosecond Pulse Breakdown Study," a 1965 "Investigation of the Statistics of Breakdown Using Nanosecond Pulse Techniques," a 1969 "Semiconductor and Nonsemiconductor Damage Study," a 1971 report on electromagnetic pulse data reduction codes, and, in December 1973, "Hertzian Generator Development" (report RADC-TR-73-325, contract F30602-72-C-0388, job order 55730377, for the Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss Air Force Base, on the "frozen wave" Hertzian generator concept for electromagnetic wave generation). A further 1974 item is titled "Chemical Reaction Hertzian Generator."[^4]

The company's reports from the late 1970s are addressed from McLean and carry Defense Nuclear Agency sponsorship. They include "The Soviet Navy Declaratory Doctrine for Theatre Nuclear Warfare" (DNA 4434T, September 30, 1977), "Behavioral Aspects of Fallout Shelter Stay" (DNA 4628T, May 26, 1978), "Issues Concerning the Psychological Impact of Tactical Nuclear Warfare" (DNA 4962T, April 6, 1979, contract DNA 001-79-C-0098, authored by the firm's "Human Sciences" group), "Soviet Intermediary Strategic C2 Entities" (DNA 4355T-3, April 30, 1979), "The Operational Sustainability of Soviet Theater Forces" (DNA 5661F-1, December 1979, contract DNA 001-79-C-0040, released under [FOIA](/events/freedom-of-information-act/) request 84-53) and "Strategic Industry Attack" (DNA 5173F, January 15, 1980, contract DNA 001-78-C-0323).[^5] The firm's study of the [Vietnam War](/events/vietnam-war/), "A Study of Strategic Lessons Learned in Vietnam," was written under [United States Army](/organizations/us-army/) contract DAAG39-78-C-0120 as a final draft submitted to DAMO-SSP. The United States Army War College Strategic Studies Institute wrote to the Defense Technical Information Center on March 9, 1981 that in December 1980 the War College Security Office had telephoned all recipients of the study to say that it contained classified information and should be secured, that BDM had revised the pages to delete the classified material, and that the revised copy was enclosed for assignment of new AD numbers.[^6]

### Ford Aerospace and the Carlyle Buyout

The 1995 prospectus states that the predecessor company "was a public company from 1980 until 1988, when Ford Aerospace, then a wholly owned subsidiary of Ford Motor Company, acquired all of the outstanding stock."[^1] In October 1990, "on behalf of certain investors, Carlyle, a private merchant banking firm, formed BDM Holdings, Inc.," and a subsidiary named New BDM, Inc., which acquired substantially all of the predecessor's assets. The investor group, led by Carlyle Group and members of management, paid about 118 million dollars in cash, adjusted by arbitration in August 1991 to a final price of about 126.5 million dollars, plus about 7 million dollars in expenses. The financing consisted of 30 million dollars in stock bought by the investors, 80.5 million dollars in senior secured borrowings, 10 million dollars from Carlyle for Series A Preferred Stock, and 13 million dollars from Loral Aerospace Corporation, a subsidiary of Loral, in subordinated notes due October 23, 1997. Carlyle received a financial advisory fee of about 1.6 million dollars.[^7] The Los Angeles Times of September 19, 1990 reported under the headline "Loral to Sell BDM to Carlyle Group for $130 Million," by Dean Takahashi, that Loral Corp., although its purchase of Ford Aerospace was not yet complete, said on Tuesday, September 18, that it would sell BDM International Inc., "the largest subsidiary of Ford Aerospace," to the Carlyle Group of Washington for 130 million dollars. The SEC filings above give about 118 million dollars in cash at the October 1990 closing and a final price of about 126.5 million dollars after arbitration in August 1991. The Times reported that the price was under a third of the 425 million dollars Ford Motor Company paid for BDM in 1988, and that analyst Walter Peterson of Ferris, Baker Watts said consulting firms typically sell for about 30 percent of annual revenue and that Loral was "getting a premium price." It also reported that Carlyle, with partner [Westinghouse Electric Corporation](/organizations/westinghouse-electric-corporation/), was one of several groups that had bid unsuccessfully for all of Ford Aerospace, and that Carlyle said it would name former Defense Secretary Frank C. Carlucci chairman of BDM.[^8]

The investor group of October 23, 1990 comprised The Carlyle Partners Leveraged Capital Fund I, the Richard King Mellon Foundation, and two Equitable Capital partnerships. The stockholders agreement provided for seven directors designated by Carlyle, five by management and three independent directors named jointly, with the board fixed at 13. In February 1991 the company sold 1,339,217 shares at 4 dollars to employees, directors and consultants and 1,500,000 shares to Carlyle at the same price; the board of regents of the University of Texas System and the Permanent University Fund of Texas later held shares as well. In July 1993 and March 1994 the company repurchased 100,000 shares each from the Mellon foundation at 8 and 12 dollars, and on May 27, 1994 it bought 2,250,000 common and 350,000 Class B shares from the investor group at 14 dollars.[^7]

[Frank Carlucci](/people/frank-carlucci/) was chairman of BDM's board from October 1990 and, by 1997, chairman of its compensation committee and a member of its executive and nominating committees. His filed biography gives him as Chairman and Managing Director of Carlyle from 1993 and Vice Chairman from 1989, Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989, and a director of, among others, Ashland Oil, General Dynamics, [Westinghouse Electric Corporation](/organizations/westinghouse-electric-corporation/), Bell Atlantic and Northern Telecom. William E. Conway Jr., a Carlyle managing director since 1987, was vice chairman. Philip A. Odeen, a former [National Security Council](/organizations/national-security-council/) program analysis director and Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, was president and chief executive officer from May 1992. The 1995 prospectus lists as other directors Helmut Sonnenfeldt (Guest Scholar at the Brookings Institution, director since March 1991), Hans Mark (former Secretary of the Air Force and Deputy Administrator of [NASA](/organizations/nasa/), director since August 1991), Neil Goldschmidt (Governor of Oregon from 1987 to 1991, director since July 1993), Walther Leisler Kiep (director since January 1995 and chairman of the supervisory board of the German company IABG, in which BDM acquired a 45 percent interest in November 1993 from a company principally owned by the German government), Earle C. Williams (president and chief executive officer of the predecessor from 1972 and of the company from 1990 to 1992), James A. D. Geier, John M. Slosar (formerly of Ford Aerospace) and Thomas G. Ricks of the University of Texas System.[^7]

Carlyle was paid an annual fee of 500,000 dollars plus expenses for financial and investor-relations services, and received about 505,000, 535,000 and 512,000 dollars for 1994, 1993 and 1992; in 1992 it also received a 250,000 dollar advisory fee on the Vinnell purchase.[^7] Before the initial public offering of June 1995, The Carlyle Group L.P. owned 5,750,000 shares, 62.8 percent. The offering was priced at 18.50 dollars a share, and the March 1996 secondary offering's table of selling stockholders gave Carlyle 43.9 percent before and 31.4 percent after.[^7] The 1997 proxy statement lists Carlyle at 7,660,000 shares, 26.4 percent.[^9]

### Vinnell and Saudi Arabia

On March 13, 1992 BDM acquired the stock of Vinnell Corporation for about 29.6 million dollars including expenses. The seller, who in 1995 was a member of Vinnell's board, received a 3.7 million dollar subordinated note at 10 percent and a consulting agreement of 250,000 dollars for 1992 and 200,000 dollars a year for 1993 through 1996; the prospectus does not name him.[^10] Vinnell, described as "a 63-year old company," operated in [Saudi Arabia](/places/saudi-arabia/), [Turkey](/places/turkey/), Oman and [Egypt](/places/egypt/). Its contract to train the Saudi Arabian National Guard accounted for 55 percent of its 1994 revenue, about 70.2 million dollars. In the spring of 1995 a joint venture in which Vinnell held 51 percent, with another partner holding 49 percent, was selected in April 1995 for a three-year follow-on contract of 163 million dollars beginning in July 1995 and running through June 1, 1998; the prospectus anticipated "reduced profits" from it. Work performed since May 1994 through an affiliate 60 percent owned by Vinnell supported the Bradley Fighting Vehicle program for the Royal Saudi Land Forces with the affiliate of FMC Corporation called FMC Arabia (1994 revenue about 25.2 million dollars). Vinnell also ran five Job Corps centers for the Department of Labor (about 19.0 million dollars in 1994) and, as a 50 percent partner in joint ventures with Brown and Root, Airwork and SEACOR, operated U.S. military facilities in Turkey, three [Air Force](/organizations/us-air-force/) facilities in Oman, and personnel support in Egypt (joint-venture revenue about 72 million dollars in 1994). BDM Federal separately provided logistics and information-technology services to the Royal Saudi Air Force (about 28.8 million dollars in 1994).[^10] The Boston Globe of November 14, 1995, reporting on Saudi security assistance after the Riyadh bombing of the Saudi Arabian National Guard program office, stated that Vinnell, "a defense contractor in Fairfax, Va.," had a five-year, 819 million dollar contract to help support the Army program training the Saudi Arabian National Guard through December 1998. It quoted Todd Stottlemyer, spokesman for Vinnell's parent, BDM International of McLean, as saying that Vinnell and another BDM subsidiary, BDM Federal, did contract work with the Royal Saudi Air Force, the Saudi land forces and other elements of the Saudi military, with about 1,000 employees in Saudi Arabia. The article reported six people killed, including five Americans, and that American advisers went with the Guard's King Abdul Aziz Brigade when it became the first Saudi armed force to mobilize for the [Gulf War](/events/gulf-war/).[^11] The 1995 prospectus described a follow-on contract of 163 million dollars for three years from July 1995; the Globe gave a five-year, 819 million dollar contract through December 1998, and the two descriptions are not reconciled in either source.

The same filing reports that Vinnell and another party signed a consent decree with the Environmental Protection Agency in 1992 for an asbestos mine Vinnell had owned until operations there ceased in May 1974.[^10] The annual report for 1996 states that the [Department of Defense](/organizations/department-of-defense/) produced about 36 percent of revenue, international defense agencies 27 percent, civil agencies 20 percent and commercial clients 17 percent.[^2]

That report also discloses a sealed civil qui tam suit, first disclosed in the Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 1996. It "alleges violation under the federal False Claims Act in connection with certain mischarging under overseas government contracts administered by the [U.S. Air Force](/organizations/us-air-force/), related to certain housing rented in connection with overseas operations, alleged improper hiring of and payments to certain employees, alleged improper payments to a subcontractor, and alleged improper purchases and payments made in support of client activities." Revenue from those contracts in 1996 was about 41 million dollars, and BDM had received a subpoena from the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Defense and an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. The company stated that it would cooperate and that liability should not be material.[^2] The matter was still described in the third-quarter 1997 Form 10-Q.[^12]

### Intelligence Community Work

Declassified [Central Intelligence Agency](/organizations/central-intelligence-agency/) records show BDM as a support contractor to several offices of the agency and its community staff. In a letter of December 2, 1983, the Intelligence Information Handling Committee of the [Director of Central Intelligence](/organizations/director-of-central-intelligence/) thanked Earle Williams for the firm's work on an "Intelligence Community Telecommunications Issues Study" and for computer-security support to the committee's CIRS security working group.[^13] A memorandum of June 15, 1984 bound a BDM employee, Robert MacOnie (praised in the December 1983 letter for the telecommunications study), to restrictions on a draft statement of work for video-disc production, including a promise that BDM would not bid on the resulting contract.[^14] In 1985 BDM provided administrative support to a Concurrent Processing Symposium sponsored by the CIA and funded by [DARPA](/organizations/darpa/), held on July 15 to 17 at the West Park Hotel, Tysons Corner, Virginia, and on July 18 at CIA headquarters, with about 250 attendees from the CIA and other community agencies, the National Security Council and the Air Force; panel discussions on classified applications followed on the fourth day.[^15] On July 26, 1985 BDM's Stuart W. Bowen wrote to the CIA that BDM had presented a one-day program on how BDM operates to senior [National Security Agency](/organizations/nsa/) executives twice, most recently in June 1985, paid for by the NSA through a purchase request of about 1,000 dollars.[^16] On August 29, 1985 the CIA's Office of Training and Education replied to Stuart W. Bowen of BDM, who had proposed a one-day program for senior executives, that the agency was "not in a position to pursue that type of program," while the Office of Information Technology would review BDM briefings offered by Laurence Jacobs.[^16] A February 1987 memorandum records a briefing to the CIA Comptroller on a BDM study of the Office of Communications' funding.[^17] A CIA employee was to speak on contracting at BDM in McLean on February 27, 1985 in a professional development program of the Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, on a panel with a representative of the National Security Agency.[^18]

The [State Department](/organizations/state-department/) letter of June 27, 1985 to the director of the Intelligence Community Staff states that when the Office of Foreign Missions was established in early 1983 it had three State officers, two secretaries, one representative each from the CIA, the [Federal Bureau of Investigation](/organizations/federal-bureau-of-investigation/), the NSA, Army, [Navy](/organizations/us-navy/), Air Force and Customs Service, and five BDM employees; by June 1985 the "contract work force" was 35 BDM employees plus four consultants, which the letter ties to a "sophisticated data base management system accessible to the foreign affairs and national security communities." BDM staff were assigned to its programs: 11 employees in motor vehicle controls (registration, titling, plates, drivers' licenses and diplomats' traffic violations), six in the tax exemption card program, two in housing services, one in customs clearance, and three systems analysts full time on an accreditation data base. The sanitized letter is marked Secret.[^19]

In 1988 Braddock was listed to speak on "Continuing Modernization of Soviet Forces and Concepts of War" at an Air Force symposium on developments in the [Soviet Union](/places/soviet-union/).[^20] The Department of Defense Inspector General reported in April 1994 (report 94-077) that BDM, The Analytic Sciences Corporation and Riverside Research Institute held the three five-year cost-plus-award-fee "super" scientific, engineering and technical assistance contracts at the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization; to March 31, 1993 BDM had incurred about 112.2 million dollars, delivered about 1.5 million staff hours and received an award fee of about 15.1 million dollars, and in March 1993 it received a 12-month bridge contract of 22.1 million dollars.[^21] BDM Federal's 1994 work included systems integration for the [Securities and Exchange Commission](/organizations/securities-and-exchange-commission/) "as the developer of EDGAR" (about 8.1 million dollars of 1994 revenue), the Air Force's DMRD-924 logistics computer consolidation (362 million dollars), operation of elements of the Joint Readiness Training Center, and senior-level engineering for the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (about 22.1 million dollars).[^10] The Commission had announced on January 4, 1989 that on January 3 it awarded the contract to build the EDGAR electronic filing system to BDM, "bidding with" Mead Data Central, Sorg, Inc. and Bechtel Information Systems; the expected eight-year term began with three years on a cost-reimbursement-plus-fixed-fee basis followed by five fixed-price years, at an estimated total cost to the government of approximately 52 million dollars.[^22] The Baltimore Sun of January 5, 1989 reported that the award followed a delay of more than two years, described the winning bid as a consortium led by BDM, which it called "a subsidiary of the Ford Motor Co.," with Mead Data Central, Sorg Inc. and Bechtel Information Systems, and stated that the eight-year contract covered a computer to accept and disseminate all filings by more than 11,000 publicly traded companies and 2,700 investment firms, with the Commission saying EDGAR should provide more than 170 million dollars in savings.[^23]

### Stubblebine and the 1985 Conference

[Albert Stubblebine](/people/albert-stubblebine/) commanded the [United States Army Intelligence and Security Command](/organizations/united-states-army-intelligence-and-security-command/) from May 1981 to June 1984. Jim Schnabel wrote in The Independent of August 27, 1995 that Stubblebine "retired from the Army in 1984 to become an executive at BDM Corporation, a Washington-area defence and intelligence contractor," and "left BDM a few years ago."[^24] A [Defense Intelligence Agency](/organizations/defense-intelligence-agency/) addendum to a memorandum for the record dated December 10, 1985 lists "Stubblebine, Albert MG (Ret.)," as commanding general of INSCOM from May 1981 to June 1984 and "presently employed by BDM Corp. in the Wash., D.C. area."[^25] Stubblebine's own biography on the website of a Canadian company on whose board he sat states that "upon retirement, he served as the Vice President for Intelligence at BDM and ran his own consulting firm."[^26] [John B. Alexander](/people/john-b-alexander/) wrote in 2011 that Stubblebine went to work for BDM "as Vice President for Intelligence Operations."[^27] George P. Hansen wrote in *The Trickster and the Paranormal* that Karl Pflock worked for BDM International between 1989 and 1992 and that Stubblebine, chairman of Psi Tech, "also worked for the company" during that time; the Loose Threads authors also quote a transcript in which Admiral Bobby Ray Inman told an interviewer that a retired rear admiral and former Director of [Naval Intelligence](/organizations/office-of-naval-intelligence/), Sumner Shapiro, "has been a Vice President of BDM."[^28] No source opened gives the date on which Stubblebine left the company.

Alexander wrote that the initial meetings of his "[ATP](/programs/advanced-theoretical-physics-working-group/)" group "would be held in the BDM secure facilities" at Tysons Corner, and that he informed Braddock, "the 'B' of BDM," who "seemed mildly curious, but exhibited no strong interest one way or another."[^27] A Department of Energy form DOE F 5631.20 dated May 8, 1985 requests admission for three Los Alamos National Laboratory employees to "the BDM McLean secure facility, 7915 Jonesbrook Rd.," on May 20 to 25, 1985 for an "Advance Theoretical Physics Conference," at TOP SECRET/RESTRICTED DATA access.[^27] James Shannon's handwritten attendee list places "Bert Stubblebine" under the organization "BDM" and carries a separate unnamed line marked BDM.[^27] [Jacques Vallee](/people/jacques-vallee/)'s journal entry of May 11, 1986 and [Eric Davis](/people/eric-davis/)'s notes of an October 2002 meeting, which mention a "BDM thing" and "AP-10," are described on the working group's page.[^27]

### Sale to TRW

The 1997 solicitation statement records that in the last week of August 1997 Philip A. Odeen and other executives decided to explore a combination; that Wasserstein Perella and Co. was engaged on September 8; that TRW signed a standstill agreement on September 29; that on October 31 TRW indicated 28.00 dollars a share, which the company's adviser said the board would not pursue; and that on November 10 TRW stated that to raise the price it required an irrevocable option and agreement to tender from Carlyle, a 35 million dollar break-up fee and a no-shop provision, together with employment arrangements for senior management. On November 12 TRW indicated 29.50 dollars. TRW's chairman Joseph T. Gorman had met Odeen on November 6. [Bear Stearns](/organizations/bear-stearns/) gave TRW a fairness opinion on November 20, and the agreement was signed that evening. Carlyle affiliates holding 7,660,000 shares, about 25.8 percent, agreed to tender and gave an option at 29.50 dollars.[^29] TRW's offer documents estimate the funds required at about 930 million dollars; the joint press release of November 21, 1997 calls the transaction "valued at nearly $1 billion."[^29] Under the merger agreement the Carlyle monitoring and advisory arrangements ended at the effective time, and Odeen and Roy Woodle, president and chief executive of Vinnell, were to sign new employment agreements.[^29] TRW's subsidiary Systems Acquisition Inc. completed the tender offer on December 24, 1997 and was merged into BDM on December 29, 1997, leaving BDM a wholly owned TRW subsidiary;[^30] BDM filed a Form 15 on December 29, 1997.[^31]

[^1]: BDM International, Inc., Form S-1/A, filed June 26, 1995, "Corporate History," SEC accession 0000950112-95-001766, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950112-95-001766.txt. The 1996 Form 10-K (0000870763-97-000002) repeats the founders' names.
[^2]: BDM International, Inc., Form 10-K for 1996, filed March 18, 1997, accession 0000870763-97-000002, Items 1 and 3, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000870763-97-000002.txt.
[^3]: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, "2001 Navigator Award Winners" (Dr. Joseph V. Braddock, Founder, BDM), https://www.potomacinstitute.us/events/navigator-awards/1275-2001-navigator-awards, read in the Wayback Machine capture https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://www.potomacinstitute.us/events/navigator-awards/1275-2001-navigator-awards. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^4]: DTIC AD0407469, AD0614286, AD0745926, AD0731500, AD0774567 (RADC-TR-73-325, BDM/A90) and AD0920469, read in the archive.org items of the same identifiers, for example https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0774567. Titles and dates for all but AD0774567 are from archive.org metadata; the AD0774567 text was read directly.
[^5]: DTIC reports ADA058363 (DNA 4434T, BDM/W-77-474-TR), ADA064144 (DNA 4628T), ADA084651 (DNA 4962T, BDM/W-79-058-BR), ADA084659 (DNA 4355T-3, BDM/W-79-089-TR), ADA383295 (DNA 5661F-1, BDM/W-79-597-TR) and ADA099400 (DNA 5173F, BDM/W-79-532-TR, authors E. J. Bitinas, W. J. Christensen, J. Kenworthy and R. S. Smith), each read in the archive.org item of the same identifier, for example https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA099400.
[^6]: BDM Corporation, "A Study of Strategic Lessons Learned in Vietnam," DTIC ADA096424 to ADA096428, with the Strategic Studies Institute transmittal of March 9, 1981, https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA096424.
[^7]: Same, "Certain Transactions" (1990 Acquisition, Investor Agreement, Stockholders Agreement), "Management," "Compensation Committee Interlocks" and principal-stockholders table; BDM International, Inc., Form 424B4, filed March 22, 1996, accession 0000950112-96-000860, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950112-96-000860.txt; Form 424B1, filed June 30, 1995, accession 0000950112-95-001792 (price 18.50 dollars), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950112-95-001792.txt.
[^8]: Dean Takahashi, "Loral to Sell BDM to Carlyle Group for $130 Million," Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles), September 19, 1990, p. 46, https://www.newspapers.com/image/175530103/
[^9]: BDM International, Inc., Form DEF 14A, filed April 11, 1997, accession 0000912057-97-012636, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000912057-97-012636.txt.
[^10]: Form S-1/A, June 26, 1995, "Business," "Management's Discussion," "Certain Transactions" (Acquisition of Vinnell) and "Risk Factors," https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950112-95-001766.txt.
[^11]: "[Headline not captured]," Boston Globe (Boston), November 14, 1995, p. 20, https://www.newspapers.com/image/441109447/ (the same wire story ran in other papers that day; headline and byline not captured).
[^12]: BDM International, Inc., Form 10-Q, filed November 14, 1997, accession 0000870763-97-000020, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000870763-97-000020.txt.
[^13]: Letter of the Intelligence Information Handling Committee to Earle Williams, December 2, 1983, CIA-RDP85M00158R000600090006-3, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp85m00158r000600090006-3.
[^14]: Memorandum to Robert MacOnie, BDM, IHC/MM 84-54, CIA-RDP86M00017R000400310058-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86m00017r000400310058-8.
[^15]: "1985 Accomplishments, Office of Research and Development," CIA-RDP88G01332R000100070015-8, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g01332r000100070015-8. The text gives the symposium dates as July 15 to 18 without a year; the document's 1985 scope is the basis for the year.
[^16]: Letter of the Director of Training and Education to Stuart W. Bowen, August 29, 1985, CIA-RDP89-00955R000100060040-7, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp89-00955r000100060040-7.
[^17]: Memorandum for the record DDA 87-0241, "Comptroller Brief on Office of Communications BDM Study," February 10, 1987, CIA-RDP89G00643R001300030044-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp89g00643r001300030044-2.
[^18]: "Outside Activity - AFCEA," 1985, CIA-RDP88G00186R000700830033-2, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88g00186r000700830033-2.
[^19]: Letter to the Director, Intelligence Community Staff, from the Office of Foreign Missions, June 27, 1985, CIA-RDP87M00220R000200260008-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp87m00220r000200260008-4. The archive's title attributes the letter to James E. Nolan, Jr.; the signature block is not legible in the text layer.
[^20]: Air Force symposium program, "Developments in the Soviet Union," 1988, CIA-RDP90G01353R002000030007-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90g01353r002000030007-4.
[^21]: Department of Defense Inspector General, "Super Scientific, Engineering, and Technical Assistance Contracts at the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization," Report No. 94-077, April 8, 1994, DTIC ADA375287, https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA375287.
[^22]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC News Digest, January 4, 1989, "SEC Names Contractor for EDGAR System" (Press Release 89-1), https://sec.gov/news/digest/1989/dig010489.pdf.
[^23]: "SEC awards data pact," Business Briefly, Baltimore Sun (Baltimore), January 5, 1989, p. 1D, https://www.newspapers.com/image/378257935/
[^24]: Schnabel, Jim. "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Psi," The Independent (London), Sunday Review, August 27, 1995, pp. 10-13, as transcribed by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200090001-7 (also CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030073-5), read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000200090001-7.
[^25]: "Addendum to MFR, dtd 10 Dec 85," CIA-RDP96-00788R001700030001-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00788r001700030001-1.
[^26]: Canadian Subsidiary Technology Inc. board of directors page, Wayback capture of February 6, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20050206131007id_/http://canadiansub.com/Board.html. The page is a promotional biography written for the company; sole source for the quoted title.
[^27]: Advanced Theoretical Physics Working Group page of this vault, drawing on Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 16-22, 166, 187-188, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, which quotes Alexander, *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities* (2011); the book was not opened. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^28]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 61-62, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, quoting Hansen, *The Trickster and the Paranormal* (2001), and a transcript of Inman; neither original was opened. Sole source for the passages so cited.
[^29]: BDM International, Inc., Schedule 14D-9, filed November 26, 1997 (letter to stockholders; "Background of the Offer"; Stockholders Agreement; severance and employment arrangements; press release of November 21, 1997), accession 0000950152-97-008353, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950152-97-008353.txt; TRW Inc., Schedule 14D-1, same date, accession 0000950152-97-008369, Item 9 (about 930 million dollars), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950152-97-008369.txt.
[^30]: TRW Inc., Form 8-K, accession 0000950152-97-008891, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/100030/0000950152-97-008891.txt.
[^31]: BDM International, Inc., Form 15-12G, filed December 29, 1997, accession 0000950152-97-008867, EDGAR filing index https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/870763/0000950152-97-008867-index.html.